Analytical Models to Determine In-Plane Damage Initiation and Force Capacity of Masonry Walls with Openings

Masonry panels consisting of piers and spandrels in buildings are vulnerable to in-plane actions caused by seismicity soil subsidence. Tectonic is a safety hazard for masonry structures, whereas low-magnitude induced can be detrimental their durability due the accumulation light damage. This particularly true case unreinforced masonry. Therefore, development models accurate prediction both damage initiation force capacity elements structures necessary. In this study, method was developed based on analytical modeling mode stand-alone piers; model then expanded through modular approach walls with asymmetric openings. The account all potential failure modes loaded walls. applicable types construction. openings applied as simple but also extended more complex modifications. Model results were compared numerous experimental cases exhibited very good accuracy.